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Tribhuvan UniversityInstitute of Science and Technology2081Bachelor Level / first-semester / ScienceComputer Science and Information Technology( PHY118 )PhysicsFull Marks: 60 + 20 + 20Pass Marks: 24 + 8 + 8Time: 3 HoursCandidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.The figures in the margin indicate full marks.Section ALong Answer Question: Attempt any two questions:1What do you mean by the contact potential? Give a schematic of a p-n Junction by illustrating:(a) Potential difference V, resulting from the positive donor ions in the n-side of the depletion layer and the negative acceptor ions in the p-side of the depletion layer.(b) Potential energy barrier faced by the majority charge carriers (electrons) in the n-side of the diode as they attempt to cross the junction.(c) Potential energy barrier faced by the majority side of the diode as they attempt to cross the junction.2Discuss single crystal growth by discussing the following techniques:(a) Czochralski Method,(b) Bridgman-Stockbarger Method,(c) Floating Zone Method, and(d) Vapor-Phase Epitaxy.3Describe torque on a current-carrying rectangular loop of wire on a pivot rod when placed in a magnetic field. Give an alternative way of increasing the torque on the coil.Section BShort answer questions Attempt any Eight Questions4Explain group velocity.5Discuss effective mass of electrons and holes.6Set up Schrodinger equation and discuss the wavefunction.7An oscillating block of mass 250 g takes 0.15 sec to move between the endpoints of the motion, which are 40 cm apart. Find (a) frequency and (b) amplitude of the motion, and.(c) force constant of the spring.8A proton is accelerated through a potential difference of 200V. It then enters a region which there is a magnetic field B = 0.5 T. The magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the proton. Find the force experienced by the proton.9A small particle of mass 10-6 g moves along the x axis; its speed is uncertain by 10-6 m/sec. (a) What is the uncertainty in the x coordinate of the particle? (b) Repeat the calculation for an electron assuming that the uncertainty in its velocity is also 10-6 m/sec.10A beam of hydrogen atoms is used in a Stern-Gerlach type experiment. The atoms emerge from the oven with a velocity v = 104m/sec. They enter a region 20 cm long where there is a magnetic field gradient $$ \frac{dB}{dz} = 3 \times 10^4 \text{ T/m} $$. The field gradient is perpendicular to the incident velocity of the atoms. The mass of the hydrogen atom is $$ 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$$. What is the separation of the two components of the beam as they emerge from the magnet?11The energy gaps of some alkali halides are KCI = 7.6 eV, KBr = 6.3 eV, KI = 5.6 eV. Which of these are transparent to visible light? At what wavelength does each become opaque?12The output of a digital circuit (\( y \)) is given by this expression:\[y = \left( AB + \overline{CB} \cdot A \right) \cdot \overline{B + C}\]Where \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \) represent inputs. Draw a circuit of the above equation using OR, AND, and NOT gates and hence find its truth table.